(注意:正确答案必须超越复制)。
在数百万次调用之后,quicksort1 肯定比 quicksort2 快,除了这 1 个额外的 arg 之外,它们具有相同的代码。
代码在帖子的最后。剧透:我还发现 jit 代码胖了 224 个字节,即使它实际上应该更简单(就像字节代码大小说明的那样;请参阅下面的最新更新)。
即使在尝试使用一些微基准测试工具 (JMH) 消除这种影响之后,性能差异仍然存在。
我在问:为什么生成的 native 代码有如此大的差异,它在做什么?
通过向方法添加参数,它会使其更快......!
我知道 gc/jit/warmup/etc 的影响。您可以按原样运行代码,也可以使用更大/更小的迭代计数。实际上,您甚至应该先注释掉一个然后另一个 perf 测试并在不同的 jvm 实例中运行每个测试,以证明它不是彼此之间的干扰。
除了 sleft/sright 明显的 getstatic 以及一个奇怪的“iload 4”而不是“iload_3”(和 istore 4/istore_3)之外,字节码没有显示出太大差异
到底他妈发生了什么? iload_3/istore_3 真的比 iload 4/istore 4 慢吗?这么慢,即使添加了 getstatic 调用仍然没有使它变慢?我可以猜测静态字段未使用,因此 jit 可能会跳过它。
无论如何,我这边没有歧义,因为它总是可重现的,我正在寻找有关 javac/jit 为什么做了他们所做的事情以及为什么性能受到如此大的影响的解释。这些是具有相同数据、相同内存流失等的相同递归算法......如果我愿意,我无法进行更孤立的更改,以显示显着的可复制运行时差异。
环境:
java version "1.8.0_161"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_161-b12)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.161-b12, mixed mode)
(also tried and reproduced on java9)
on a 4 core i5 laptop 8GB ram.
windows 10 with the meltdown/specter patch.
main]: qs1: 1561.3336199999999 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 1749.748416 ms (res=null)
main]: qs1: 1422.0767509999998 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 1700.4858689999999 ms (res=null)
main]: qs1: 1519.5280269999998 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 1786.2206899999999 ms (res=null)
main]: qs1: 1450.0802979999999 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 1675.223256 ms (res=null)
main]: qs1: 1452.373318 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 1634.581156 ms (res=null)
[0.039s][info][gc] Using G1
main]: qs1: 1287.062819 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 1451.041391 ms (res=null)
main]: qs1: 1240.800305 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 1391.2404299999998 ms (res=null)
main]: qs1: 1257.1707159999999 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 1433.84716 ms (res=null)
main]: qs1: 1233.7582109999998 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 1394.7195849999998 ms (res=null)
main]: qs1: 1250.885867 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 1413.88437 ms (res=null)
main]: qs1: 1261.5805739999998 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 1458.974334 ms (res=null)
main]: qs1: 1237.039902 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 1394.823751 ms (res=null)
main]: qs1: 1255.14672 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 1400.693295 ms (res=null)
main]: qs1: 1293.009808 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 1432.430952 ms (res=null)
main]: qs1: 1262.839628 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 1421.376644 ms (res=null)
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
public class QuicksortTrimmed {
static void p(Object msg) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"]: "+msg);
}
static void perf(int N, String msg, Callable c) throws Exception {
Object res = null;
long t = System.nanoTime();
for(int i=0; i<N; i++) {
res = c.call();
}
Double d = 1e-6*(System.nanoTime() - t);
p(msg+": "+d+" ms (res="+res+")");
}
static String und = "__________";//10
static {
und += und;//20
und += und;//40
und += und;//80
und += und;//160
}
static String sleft = "//////////";//10
static {
sleft += sleft;//20
sleft += sleft;//40
sleft += sleft;//80
sleft += sleft;//160
}
static String sright= "\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\";//10
static {
sright += sright;//20
sright += sright;//40
sright += sright;//80
sright += sright;//160
}
//============
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
int N = 20000;
int n = 1000;
int bound = 10000;
Random r = new Random(1);
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {
testperf(N, r, n, bound);
//System.gc();
}
}
static void testperf(int N, Random r, int n, int bound) throws Exception {
final int[] orig = r.ints(n, 0, bound).toArray();
final int[] a = orig.clone();
perf(N, "qs1", () -> {
System.arraycopy(orig, 0, a, 0, orig.length);
quicksort1(a, 0, a.length-1, und);
return null;
});
perf(N, "qs2", () -> {
System.arraycopy(orig, 0, a, 0, orig.length);
quicksort2(a, 0, a.length-1);
return null;
});
System.out.println();
}
private static void quicksort1(int[] a, final int _from, final int _to, String mode) {
int len = _to - _from + 1;
if(len==2) {
if(a[_from] > a[_to]) {
int tmp = a[_from];
a[_from] = a[_to];
a[_to] = tmp;
}
} else { //len>2
int mid = _from+len/2;
final int pivot = a[mid];
a[mid] = a[_to];
a[_to] = pivot; //the pivot value is the 1st high value
int i = _from;
int j = _to;
while(i < j) {
if(a[i] < pivot)
i++;
else if(i < --j) { //j is the index of the leftmost high value
int tmp = a[i];
a[i] = a[j]; //THIS IS HARMFUL: maybe a[j] was a high value too.
a[j] = tmp;
}
}
//swap pivot in _to with other high value in j
int tmp = a[j];
a[j] = a[_to];
a[_to] = tmp;
if(_from < j-1)
quicksort1(a, _from, j-1, sleft);
if(j+1 < _to)
quicksort1(a, j+1, _to, sright);
}
}
private static void quicksort2(int[] a, final int _from, final int _to) {
int len = _to - _from + 1;
if(len==2) {
if(a[_from] > a[_to]) {
int tmp = a[_from];
a[_from] = a[_to];
a[_to] = tmp;
}
} else { //len>2
int mid = _from+len/2;
final int pivot = a[mid];
a[mid] = a[_to];
a[_to] = pivot; //the pivot value is the 1st high value
int i = _from;
int j = _to;
while(i < j) {
if(a[i] < pivot)
i++;
else if(i < --j) { //j is the index of the leftmost high value
int tmp = a[i];
a[i] = a[j]; //THIS IS HARMFUL: maybe a[j] was a high value too.
a[j] = tmp;
}
}
//swap pivot in _to with other high value in j
int tmp = a[j];
a[j] = a[_to];
a[_to] = tmp;
if(_from < j-1)
quicksort2(a, _from, j-1);
if(j+1 < _to)
quicksort2(a, j+1, _to);
}
}
}
# Run complete. Total time: 00:13:38
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
MyBenchmark.testQuickSort1 thrpt 200 14861.437 ± 86.707 ops/s
MyBenchmark.testQuickSort2 thrpt 200 13097.209 ± 46.178 ops/s
package org.sample;
import java.util.Random;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Benchmark;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Level;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Scope;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Setup;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State;
import org.openjdk.jmh.infra.Blackhole;
public class MyBenchmark {
static String und = "__________";//10
static {
und += und;//20
und += und;//40
und += und;//80
und += und;//160
}
static String sleft = "//////////";//10
static {
sleft += sleft;//20
sleft += sleft;//40
sleft += sleft;//80
sleft += sleft;//160
}
static String sright= "\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\";//10
static {
sright += sright;//20
sright += sright;//40
sright += sright;//80
sright += sright;//160
}
static final int n = 1000;
static final int bound = 10000;
static Random r = new Random(1);
static final int[] orig = r.ints(n, 0, bound).toArray();
@State(Scope.Thread)
public static class ThrState {
int[] a;
@Setup(Level.Invocation)
public void setup() {
a = orig.clone();
}
}
//============
@Benchmark
public void testQuickSort1(Blackhole bh, ThrState state) {
int[] a = state.a;
quicksort1(a, 0, a.length-1, und);
bh.consume(a);
}
@Benchmark
public void testQuickSort2(Blackhole bh, ThrState state) {
int[] a = state.a;
quicksort2(a, 0, a.length-1);
bh.consume(a);
}
private static void quicksort1(int[] a, final int _from, final int _to, String mode) {
int len = _to - _from + 1;
if(len==2) {
if(a[_from] > a[_to]) {
int tmp = a[_from];
a[_from] = a[_to];
a[_to] = tmp;
}
} else { //len>2
int mid = _from+len/2;
final int pivot = a[mid];
a[mid] = a[_to];
a[_to] = pivot; //the pivot value is the 1st high value
int i = _from;
int j = _to;
while(i < j) {
if(a[i] < pivot)
i++;
else if(i < --j) { //j is the index of the leftmost high value
int tmp = a[i];
a[i] = a[j]; //THIS IS HARMFUL: maybe a[j] was a high value too.
a[j] = tmp;
}
}
//swap pivot in _to with other high value in j
int tmp = a[j];
a[j] = a[_to];
a[_to] = tmp;
if(_from < j-1)
quicksort1(a, _from, j-1, sleft);
if(j+1 < _to)
quicksort1(a, j+1, _to, sright);
}
}
private static void quicksort2(int[] a, final int _from, final int _to) {
int len = _to - _from + 1;
if(len==2) {
if(a[_from] > a[_to]) {
int tmp = a[_from];
a[_from] = a[_to];
a[_to] = tmp;
}
} else { //len>2
int mid = _from+len/2;
final int pivot = a[mid];
a[mid] = a[_to];
a[_to] = pivot; //the pivot value is the 1st high value
int i = _from;
int j = _to;
while(i < j) {
if(a[i] < pivot)
i++;
else if(i < --j) { //j is the index of the leftmost high value
int tmp = a[i];
a[i] = a[j]; //THIS IS HARMFUL: maybe a[j] was a high value too.
a[j] = tmp;
}
}
//swap pivot in _to with other high value in j
int tmp = a[j];
a[j] = a[_to];
a[_to] = tmp;
if(_from < j-1)
quicksort2(a, _from, j-1);
if(j+1 < _to)
quicksort2(a, j+1, _to);
}
}
}
-verbose:gc
-XX:+PrintGCDateStamps
-XX:+PrintGCDetails
-Xloggc:"./gc.log"
-XX:+UseGCLogFileRotation -XX:NumberOfGCLogFiles=10 -XX:GCLogFileSize=1M
-XX:+PrintGCApplicationStoppedTime
-XX:+PrintCompilation
-XX:+PrintSafepointStatistics
-XXrintSafepointStatisticsCount=1
-XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions -XX:+LogCompilation -XX:+PrintInlining
复制与分析
我能够重现你的结果。机器数据:
Linux #143-Ubuntu x86_64 GNU/Linux
java version "1.8.0_171"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_171-b11)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.171-b11, mixed mode)
System.arraycopy()
调用。我创建了一个 400Mb 的数组结构并保存了它:int[][][] data = new int[iterations][testCases][];
for (int iteration = 0; iteration < data.length; iteration++) {
for (int testcase = 0; testcase < data[iteration].length; testcase++) {
data[iteration][testcase] = random.ints(numberCount, 0, bound).toArray();
}
}
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("test_array.dat");
ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
oos.writeObject(data);
{
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(fileName);
ObjectInputStream iis = new ObjectInputStream(fis);
int[][][] data = (int[][][]) iis.readObject();
perf("qs2", () -> {
for (int iteration = 0; iteration < data.length; iteration++) {
for (int testCase = 0; testCase < data[iteration].length; testCase++) {
quicksort2(data[iteration][testCase], 0, data[iteration][testCase].length - 1);
}
}
return null;
});
}
{
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(fileName);
ObjectInputStream iis = new ObjectInputStream(fis);
int[][][] data = (int[][][]) iis.readObject();
perf("qs1", () -> {
for (int iteration = 0; iteration < data.length; iteration++) {
for (int testCase = 0; testCase < data[iteration].length; testCase++) {
quicksort1(data[iteration][testCase], 0, data[iteration][testCase].length - 1, und);
}
}
return null;
});
}
main]: qs1: 6646.219874 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 7418.376646 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 7526.215395 ms (res=null)
main]: qs1: 6624.261529 ms (res=null)
main]: qs1: 6592.699738 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 7456.326028 ms (res=null)
-Djava.compiler=NONE
main]: qs1: 56547.589942 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 53585.909246 ms (res=null)
Q1: 505
Q2: 480
53585.909246×505÷480 = 56376.842019229
-XX:+PrintCompilation
)我有这些行1940 257 2 QS1::sort (185 bytes)
1953 258 % 4 QS1::sort @ 73 (185 bytes)
1980 259 4 QS1::sort (185 bytes)
1991 257 2 QS1::sort (185 bytes) made not entrant
9640 271 3 QS2::sort (178 bytes)
9641 272 4 QS2::sort (178 bytes)
9654 271 3 QS2::sort (178 bytes) made not entrant
-Xcomp -XX:+PrintCompilation -Xbatch
时,输出如下: 6408 3254 b 3 QS1::sort (185 bytes)
6409 3255 b 4 QS1::sort (185 bytes)
6413 3254 3 QS1::sort (185 bytes) made not entrant
14580 3269 b 3 QS2::sort (178 bytes)
14580 3270 b 4 QS2::sort (178 bytes)
14584 3269 3 QS2::sort (178 bytes) made not entrant
main]: qs1: 6982.721328 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 7606.077812 ms (res=null)
String
。如果我将额外的(未使用的)参数更改为 int
,它的处理速度始终会稍慢(使用先前的优化参数运行):main]: qs1: 7925.472909 ms (res=null)
main]: qs2: 7727.628422 ms (res=null)
关于java - 通过简单地添加方法参数(更精简的 jit 代码),无法解释的 10% 以上的性能提升,我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49754232/
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