r - Avoiding Global Variables

Question

I'd like to make a basic profiling tool that collects time stamps and produces run times with a note. The only problem is I'm having trouble figuring out how to do this without using global variables. What's the "correct" way to implement the functionality I'm trying to achieve? If R already has this functionality built in, that's awesome, but what I'm really trying to figure out here is how to avoid using global variables and write more robust code.

timeStamps = c()
runTimes = list()

appendRunTimes <- function(note) {
  if(length(timeStamps) < 1) {
    timeStamps <<- Sys.time()
  }
  else {
    timeStamps <<- c(timeStamps, Sys.time())
    diff <- timeStamps[length(timeStamps) ] - timeStamps[length(timeStamps) - 1]
    runTimes <<- c(runTimes,  format(diff))
    names(runTimes)[length(runTimes)] <<-  note
  }

}


appendRunTimes('start')
Sys.sleep(4)
appendRunTimes('test')

Answer 1

Here's your example rewritten using closures:

RTmonitor <- local({
  timeStamps = c()
  runTimes = list()

  list(
    appendRunTimes=function(note) {
      if(length(timeStamps) < 1) {
        timeStamps <<- Sys.time()
      }
      else {
        timeStamps <<- c(timeStamps, Sys.time())
        diff <- timeStamps[length(timeStamps) ] - timeStamps[length(timeStamps) - 1]
        runTimes <<- c(runTimes,  format(diff))
        names(runTimes)[length(runTimes)] <<-  note
      }
    },
    viewRunTimes=function() {
      return(list(timeStamps=timeStamps,runTimes=runTimes))
    })
})


> RTmonitor$appendRunTimes("start")
> RTmonitor$appendRunTimes("test")
> RTmonitor$viewRunTimes()
$timeStamps
[1] "2013-01-04 18:39:12 EST" "2013-01-04 18:39:21 EST"

$runTimes
$runTimes$test
[1] "8.855587 secs"

Observe that the values are stored inside the closure, not in the global environment:

> timeStamps
Error: object 'timeStamps' not found
> runTimes
Error: object 'runTimes' not found
> RTmonitor$timeStamps
NULL
> RTmonitor$runTimes
NULL

More reading on closures and avoiding globals:

• Closures as solution to data merging idiom
• How does local() differ from other approaches to closure in R?
• Why is using `<<-` frowned upon and how can I avoid it?
• Examples of the perils of globals in R and Stata