c++ - Why is vsnprintf Not Writing the Same Number of Characters as strncpy Would?

Question

I've asked the same question about strncpy, but there the string ends up containing the whole input string. When passing a string to vsnprintf the last character always gets chopped off: https://rextester.com/UIQMX91570

For simplicity I've also included the live example link above inline in the code:

void bar(const char* format, va_list vlist) {
    const auto buf_size = vsnprintf(nullptr, 0U, format, vlist);
    string buffer(buf_size, '');

    vsnprintf(data(buffer), buf_size, format, vlist);
    cout << data(buffer) << endl;
}

void foo(const char* format, ...) {
    va_list vlist;

    va_start(vlist, format);
    bar(format, vlist);
    va_end(vlist);
}

If I call this with: foo("lorem ipsum %d", 13) the output I get is:

lorem ipsum 1

Where as I would have expected: lorem ipsum 13

Can anyone explain the discrepancy? When I debug I get a buf_size of 14 which should be enough to contain the entire string, yet it does not :(

Answer 1

Because man page clearly says that

If the output was truncated due to this limit then the return value is the number of characters (not including the trailing '') which would have been written to the final string if enough space had been available.

If you'd check the return value of your second vsnprintf call, you'd see that return value is equal to the size, as in the man page:

Thus, a return value of size or more means that the output was truncated.