"Visual C++" is the name of the compiler and IDE. It emerged, before Visual Studio had been invented, incorporating several programming languages into a single product.
MFC ships with Visual C++/Visual Studio, and is a class library that both acts as a framework, as well as a resource wrapper for the flat C-based Windows API.
There's a Hierarchy Chart for most MFC classes on Microsoft's documentation site, as well as a list of MFC Classes. There is no physical or logical separation between GUI classes and non-GUI classes.
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