Static variable in Python?

Question

In C++ we have static keyword which in loops is something like this:

for(int x=0; x<10; x++)
    {
      for(int y=0; y<10; y++)
      {
        static int number_of_times = 0;
        number_of_times++;
      }
    }

static here makes number_of_times initialized once. How can I do same thing in python 3.x?

EDIT: Since most of the people got confused I would like to point out that the code I gave is just example of static usage in C++. My real problem is that I want to initialize only ONE time variable in function since I dont want it to be global(blah!) or default parameter..

Answer 1

Assuming what you want is "a variable that is initialised only once on first function call", there's no such thing in Python syntax. But there are ways to get a similar result:

1 - Use a global. Note that in Python, 'global' really means 'global to the module', not 'global to the process':

_number_of_times = 0

def yourfunc(x, y):
    global _number_of_times
    for i in range(x):
        for j in range(y):
            _number_of_times += 1

2 - Wrap you code in a class and use a class attribute (ie: an attribute that is shared by all instances). :

class Foo(object):
    _number_of_times = 0

    @classmethod
    def yourfunc(cls, x, y):
        for i in range(x):
            for j in range(y):
                cls._number_of_times += 1

Note that I used a classmethod since this code snippet doesn't need anything from an instance

3 - Wrap you code in a class, use an instance attribute and provide a shortcut for the method:

class Foo(object):
    def __init__(self):
         self._number_of_times = 0

    def yourfunc(self, x, y):
        for i in range(x):
            for j in range(y):
                self._number_of_times += 1

yourfunc = Foo().yourfunc

4 - Write a callable class and provide a shortcut:

class Foo(object):
    def __init__(self):
         self._number_of_times = 0

    def __call__(self, x, y):
        for i in range(x):
            for j in range(y):
                self._number_of_times += 1


yourfunc = Foo()

4 bis - use a class attribute and a metaclass

class Callable(type):
    def __call__(self, *args, **kw):
        return self._call(*args, **kw)

class yourfunc(object):
    __metaclass__ = Callable

    _numer_of_times = 0

    @classmethod
    def _call(cls, x, y):
        for i in range(x):
            for j in range(y):                 
                cls._number_of_time += 1

5 - Make a "creative" use of function's default arguments being instantiated only once on module import:

def yourfunc(x, y, _hack=[0]):
    for i in range(x):
        for j in range(y):
            _hack[0] += 1

There are still some other possible solutions / hacks, but I think you get the big picture now.

EDIT: given the op's clarifications, ie "Lets say you have a recursive function with default parameter but if someone actually tries to give one more argument to your function it could be catastrophic", it looks like what the OP really wants is something like:

# private recursive function using a default param the caller shouldn't set
def _walk(tree, callback, level=0):
    callback(tree, level)
    for child in tree.children:
        _walk(child, callback, level+1):

# public wrapper without the default param
def walk(tree, callback):
    _walk(tree, callback)

Which, BTW, prove we really had Yet Another XY Problem...