performance - Why isn't pass struct by reference a common optimization?

Question

Up until today, I had always thought that decent compilers automatically convert struct pass-by-value to pass-by-reference if the struct is large enough that the latter would be faster. To the best of my knowledge, this seems like a no-brainer optimization. However, to satisfy my curiosity as to whether this actually happens, I created a simple test case in both C++ and D and looked at the output of both GCC and Digital Mars D. Both insisted on passing 32-byte structs by value when all the function in question did was add up the members and return the values, with no modification of the struct passed in. The C++ version is below.

#include "iostream.h"

struct S {
    int i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p;
};

int foo(S s) {
    return s.i + s.j + s.k + s.l + s.m + s.n + s.o + s.p;
}

int main() {
    S s;
    int bar = foo(s);
    cout << bar;
}

My question is, why the heck wouldn't something like this be optimized by the compiler to pass-by-reference instead of actually pushing all those ints onto the stack?

Note: Compiler switches used: GCC -O2 (-O3 inlined foo().), DMD -O -inline -release.

Edit: Obviously, in the general case the semantics of pass-by-value vs. pass-by-reference won't be the same, such as if copy constructors are involved or the original struct is modified in the callee. However, in a lot of real-world scenarios, the semantics will be identical in terms of observable behavior. These are the cases I'm asking about.

Answer 1

Don't forget that in C/C++ the compiler needs to be able to compile a call to a function based only on the function declaration.

Given that callers might be using only that information, there's no way for a compiler to compile the function to take advantage of the optimization you're talking about. The caller can't know the function won't modify anything and so it can't pass by ref. Since some callers might pass by value due to lack of detailed information, the function has to be compiled assuming pass-by-value and everybody needs to pass by value.

Note that even if you marked the parameter as 'const', the compiler still can't perform the optimization, because the function could be lying and cast away the constness (this is permitted and well-defined as long as the object being passed in is actually not const).

I think that for static functions (or those in an anonymous namespace), the compiler could possibly make the optimization you're talking about, since the function does not have external linkage. As long as the address of the function isn't passed to some other routine or stored in a pointer, it should not be callable from other code. In this case the compiler could have full knowledge of all callers, so I suppose it could make the optimization.

I'm not sure if any do (actually, I'd be surprised if any do, since it probably couldn't be applied very often).

Of course, as the programmer (when using C++) you can force the compiler to perform this optimization by using const& parameters whenever possible. I know you're asking why the compiler can't do it automatically, but I suppose this is the next best thing.