inheritance - How do I extend a host object (e.g. Error) in TypeScript

Question

I would like to extend the host object Error to a custom UploadError class. The following example fails when I compile:

class UploadError extends Error {
    constructor(message: string, private code: number) {
        super(message);
    }

    getCode(): number {
        return this.code;
    }
}

When I run the TypeScript compiler tsc I get the following error:

UploadError.ts(1,0): A export class may only extend other classes, Error is an interface.

It seems Error is defined as an interface. If anyone knows what the name of the implementation is it would make me very happy :-)

Update: I want to use Typescripts inheritance not prototypical inheritance like I currently employ to hack around this:

function UploadError (message: string, code: number) {
    this.message = message;
    this.code = code;
}

UploadError.prototype = new Error();

UploadError.prototype.constructor = UploadError;

UploadError.prototype.getCode = (): number => {
    return this.code;
}

Answer 1

Update for TypeScript 1.6:

It's now possible to directly extend from the Error class, the code in my original answer still works, but there's no longer a need for the export declare class Error.

Original answer:

Most of the answers here don't meet my requirements. The originally accepted answer doesn't compile anymore since 0.9.5 with a duplicate identifier exception. And non of them really have a stack trace (a JavaScript issue, not TypeScript).

For me a more elegant solution is:

module YourModule {
    export declare class Error {
        public name: string;
        public message: string;
        public stack: string;
        constructor(message?: string);
    }

    export class Exception extends Error {

        constructor(public message: string) {
            super(message);
            this.name = 'Exception';
            this.message = message;
            this.stack = (<any>new Error()).stack;
        }
        toString() {
            return this.name + ': ' + this.message;
        }
    }
}

What you can do with it:

• new Exception("msg") instanceof Error == true
• class SpecificException extends Exception
• catch (e) { console.log(e.stack); }

The only limitation I found was that you have to declare it in a module, and cannot make them global. For me this isn't an issue since I think a module helps in structuring, and they are there in any application I make.

One improvement you could make is strip your custom code from the stack trace, personally I think stacktraces are only for the eyes of developers, and they know where to look, so it's no big deal for me.