A.f()
in App.main()
triggers initialization of class A
.
All constant variables are initialized. The only constant variable is S1
, which now is 1
.
Then, the other static fields are initialized in textual order. b
is the first field, which triggers initialization of class B
, which in turn calls A.f()
. S2
is simply null
because it is not initialized yet. Initialization of b
is now complete. Last but not least, S2
is initialized to the Integer
object 2
.
S2
is not a constant variable because it is not of the primitive type int
but of the reference type Integer
. S2 = 2;
is an auto-boxing shorthand for S2 = Integer.valueOf(2);
.
If a declarator in a field declaration has a variable initializer, then the declarator has the semantics of an assignment (§15.26) to the declared variable.
[…]
Note that static
fields that are constant variables (§4.12.4) are initialized before other static
fields (§12.4.2). This also applies in interfaces (§9.3.1). Such fields will never be observed to have their default initial values (§4.12.5), even by devious programs.
8.3.2. Field Initialization
A constant variable is a final
variable of primitive type or type String
that is initialized with a constant expression (§15.28). Whether a variable is a constant variable or not may have implications with respect to class initialization (§12.4.1), binary compatibility (§13.1, §13.4.9), and definite assignment (§16 (Definite Assignment)).
4.12.4. final
Variables
A constant expression is an expression denoting a value of primitive type or a String
that does not complete abruptly and is composed using only the following:
- Literals of primitive type and literals of type
String
[…]
15.28. Constant Expressions
For each class or interface C, there is a unique initialization lock LC
. The mapping from C to LC
is left to the discretion of the Java Virtual Machine implementation. The procedure for initializing C is then as follows:
[…]
Otherwise, record the fact that initialization of the Class
object for C is in progress by the current thread, and release LC
.
Then, initialize the static
fields of C which are constant variables (§4.12.4, §8.3.2, §9.3.1).
[…]
- Next, execute either the class variable initializers and static initializers of the class, or the field initializers of the interface, in textual order, as though they were a single block.
12.4.2. Detailed Initialization Procedure
Every variable in a program must have a value before its value is used:
Each class variable, instance variable, or array component is initialized with a default value when it is created (§15.9, §15.10.2):
[…]
- For all reference types (§4.3), the default value is
null
.
4.12.5. Initial Values of Variables
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