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mortennobel/cpp-cheatsheet: Modern C++ Cheatsheet

原作者: [db:作者] 来自: 网络 收藏 邀请

开源软件名称:

mortennobel/cpp-cheatsheet

开源软件地址:

https://github.com/mortennobel/cpp-cheatsheet

开源编程语言:

C++ 100.0%

开源软件介绍:

Fork me on GitHub

C++ QUICK REFERENCE / C++ CHEATSHEET

Based on Phillip M. Duxbury's C++ Cheatsheet and edited by Morten Nobel-Jørgensen. The cheatsheet focus is both on the language as well as common classes from the standard library. C++11 additions is inspired by ISOCPP.org C++11 Cheatsheet).

The goal is to give a concise overview of basic, modern C++ (C++14).

The document is hosted on https://github.com/mortennobel/cpp-cheatsheet. Any comments and feedback are appreciated.

Preprocessor

                            // Comment to end of line
                            /* Multi-line comment */
#include  <stdio.h>         // Insert standard header file
#include "myfile.h"         // Insert file in current directory
#define X some text         // Replace X with some text
#define F(a,b) a+b          // Replace F(1,2) with 1+2
#define X \
 some text                  // Multiline definition
#undef X                    // Remove definition
#if defined(X)              // Conditional compilation (#ifdef X)
#else                       // Optional (#ifndef X or #if !defined(X))
#endif                      // Required after #if, #ifdef

Literals

255, 0377, 0xff             // Integers (decimal, octal, hex)
2147483647L, 0x7fffffffl    // Long (32-bit) integers
123.0, 1.23e2               // double (real) numbers
'a', '\141', '\x61'         // Character (literal, octal, hex)
'\n', '\\', '\'', '\"'      // Newline, backslash, single quote, double quote
"string\n"                  // Array of characters ending with newline and \0
"hello" "world"             // Concatenated strings
true, false                 // bool constants 1 and 0
nullptr                     // Pointer type with the address of 0

Declarations

int x;                      // Declare x to be an integer (value undefined)
int x=255;                  // Declare and initialize x to 255
short s; long l;            // Usually 16 or 32 bit integer (int may be either)
char c='a';                 // Usually 8 bit character
unsigned char u=255;
signed char s=-1;           // char might be either
unsigned long x =
  0xffffffffL;              // short, int, long are signed
float f; double d;          // Single or double precision real (never unsigned)
bool b=true;                // true or false, may also use int (1 or 0)
int a, b, c;                // Multiple declarations
int a[10];                  // Array of 10 ints (a[0] through a[9])
int a[]={0,1,2};            // Initialized array (or a[3]={0,1,2}; )
int a[2][2]={{1,2},{4,5}};  // Array of array of ints
char s[]="hello";           // String (6 elements including '\0')
std::string s = "Hello"     // Creates string object with value "Hello"
std::string s = R"(Hello
World)";                    // Creates string object with value "Hello\nWorld"
int* p;                     // p is a pointer to (address of) int
char* s="hello";            // s points to unnamed array containing "hello"
void* p=nullptr;            // Address of untyped memory (nullptr is 0)
int& r=x;                   // r is a reference to (alias of) int x
enum weekend {SAT,SUN};     // weekend is a type with values SAT and SUN
enum weekend day;           // day is a variable of type weekend
enum weekend{SAT=0,SUN=1};  // Explicit representation as int
enum {SAT,SUN} day;         // Anonymous enum
enum class Color {Red,Blue};// Color is a strict type with values Red and Blue
Color x = Color::Red;       // Assign Color x to red
typedef String char*;       // String s; means char* s;
const int c=3;              // Constants must be initialized, cannot assign to
const int* p=a;             // Contents of p (elements of a) are constant
int* const p=a;             // p (but not contents) are constant
const int* const p=a;       // Both p and its contents are constant
const int& cr=x;            // cr cannot be assigned to change x
int8_t,uint8_t,int16_t,
uint16_t,int32_t,uint32_t,
int64_t,uint64_t            // Fixed length standard types
auto it = m.begin();        // Declares it to the result of m.begin()
auto const param = config["param"];
                            // Declares it to the const result
auto& s = singleton::instance();
                            // Declares it to a reference of the result

STORAGE Classes

int x;                      // Auto (memory exists only while in scope)
static int x;               // Global lifetime even if local scope
extern int x;               // Information only, declared elsewhere

Statements

x=y;                        // Every expression is a statement
int x;                      // Declarations are statements
;                           // Empty statement
{                           // A block is a single statement
    int x;                  // Scope of x is from declaration to end of block
}
if (x) a;                   // If x is true (not 0), evaluate a
else if (y) b;              // If not x and y (optional, may be repeated)
else c;                     // If not x and not y (optional)

while (x) a;                // Repeat 0 or more times while x is true

for (x; y; z) a;            // Equivalent to: x; while(y) {a; z;}

for (x : y) a;              // Range-based for loop e.g.
                            // for (auto& x in someList) x.y();

do a; while (x);            // Equivalent to: a; while(x) a;

switch (x) {                // x must be int
    case X1: a;             // If x == X1 (must be a const), jump here
    case X2: b;             // Else if x == X2, jump here
    default: c;             // Else jump here (optional)
}
break;                      // Jump out of while, do, or for loop, or switch
continue;                   // Jump to bottom of while, do, or for loop
return x;                   // Return x from function to caller
try { a; }
catch (T t) { b; }          // If a throws a T, then jump here
catch (...) { c; }          // If a throws something else, jump here

Functions

int f(int x, int y);        // f is a function taking 2 ints and returning int
void f();                   // f is a procedure taking no arguments
void f(int a=0);            // f() is equivalent to f(0)
f();                        // Default return type is int
inline f();                 // Optimize for speed
f() { statements; }         // Function definition (must be global)
T operator+(T x, T y);      // a+b (if type T) calls operator+(a, b)
T operator-(T x);           // -a calls function operator-(a)
T operator++(int);          // postfix ++ or -- (parameter ignored)
extern "C" {void f();}      // f() was compiled in C

Function parameters and return values may be of any type. A function must either be declared or defined before it is used. It may be declared first and defined later. Every program consists of a set of a set of global variable declarations and a set of function definitions (possibly in separate files), one of which must be:

int main()  { statements... }     // or
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { statements... }

argv is an array of argc strings from the command line. By convention, main returns status 0 if successful, 1 or higher for errors.

Functions with different parameters may have the same name (overloading). Operators except :: . .* ?: may be overloaded. Precedence order is not affected. New operators may not be created.

Expressions

Operators are grouped by precedence, highest first. Unary operators and assignment evaluate right to left. All others are left to right. Precedence does not affect order of evaluation, which is undefined. There are no run time checks for arrays out of bounds, invalid pointers, etc.

T::X                        // Name X defined in class T
N::X                        // Name X defined in namespace N
::X                         // Global name X

t.x                         // Member x of struct or class t
p-> x                       // Member x of struct or class pointed to by p
a[i]                        // i'th element of array a
f(x,y)                      // Call to function f with arguments x and y
T(x,y)                      // Object of class T initialized with x and y
x++                         // Add 1 to x, evaluates to original x (postfix)
x--                         // Subtract 1 from x, evaluates to original x
typeid(x)                   // Type of x
typeid(T)                   // Equals typeid(x) if x is a T
dynamic_cast< T>(x)         // Converts x to a T, checked at run time.
static_cast< T>(x)          // Converts x to a T, not checked
reinterpret_cast< T>(x)     // Interpret bits of x as a T
const_cast< T>(x)           // Converts x to same type T but not const

sizeof x                    // Number of bytes used to represent object x
sizeof(T)                   // Number of bytes to represent type T
++x                         // Add 1 to x, evaluates to new value (prefix)
--x                         // Subtract 1 from x, evaluates to new value
~x                          // Bitwise complement of x
!x                          // true if x is 0, else false (1 or 0 in C)
-x                          // Unary minus
+x                          // Unary plus (default)
&x                          // Address of x
*p                          // Contents of address p (*&x equals x)
new T                       // Address of newly allocated T object
new T(x, y)                 // Address of a T initialized with x, y
new T[x]                    // Address of allocated n-element array of T
delete p                    // Destroy and free object at address p
delete[] p                  // Destroy and free array of objects at p
(T) x                       // Convert x to T (obsolete, use .._cast<T>(x))

x * y                       // Multiply
x / y                       // Divide (integers round toward 0)
x % y                       // Modulo (result has sign of x)

x + y                       // Add, or \&x[y]
x - y                       // Subtract, or number of elements from *x to *y
x << y                      // x shifted y bits to left (x * pow(2, y))
x >> y                      // x shifted y bits to right (x / pow(2, y))

x < y                       // Less than
x <= y                      // Less than or equal to
x > y                       // Greater than
x >= y                      // Greater than or equal to

x & y                       // Bitwise and (3 & 6 is 2)
x ^ y                       // Bitwise exclusive or (3 ^ 6 is 5)
x | y                       // Bitwise or (3 | 6 is 7)
x && y                      // x and then y (evaluates y only if x (not 0))
x || y                      // x or else y (evaluates y only if x is false (0))
x = y                       // Assign y to x, returns new value of x
x += y                      // x = x + y, also -= *= /= <<= >>= &= |= ^=
x ? y : z                   // y if x is true (nonzero), else z
throw x                     // Throw exception, aborts if not caught
x , y                       // evaluates x and y, returns y (seldom used)

Classes

class T {                   // A new type
private:                    // Section accessible only to T's member functions
protected:                  // Also accessible to classes derived from T
public:                     // Accessible to all
    int x;                  // Member data
    void f();               // Member function
    void g() {return;}      // Inline member function
    void h() const;         // Does not modify any data members
    int operator+(int y);   // t+y means t.operator+(y)
    int operator-();        // -t means t.operator-()
    T(): x(1) {}            // Constructor with initialization list
    T(const T& t): x(t.x) {}// Copy constructor
    T& operator=(const T& t)
    {x=t.x; return *this; } // Assignment operator
    ~T();                   // Destructor (automatic cleanup routine)
    explicit T(int a);      // Allow t=T(3) but not t=3
    T(float x): T((int)x) {}// Delegate constructor to T(int)
    operator int() const
    {return x;}             // Allows int(t)
    friend void i();        // Global function i() has private access
    friend class U;         // Members of class U have private access
    static int y;           // Data shared by all T objects
    static void l();        // Shared code.  May access y but not x
    class Z {};             // Nested class T::Z
    typedef int V;          // T::V means int
};
void T::f() {               // Code for member function f of class T
    this->x = x;}           // this is address of self (means x=x;)
int T::y = 2;               // Initialization of static member (required)
T::l();                     // Call to static member
T t;                        // Create object t implicit call constructor
t.f();                      // Call method f on object t

struct T {                  // Equivalent to: class T { public:
  virtual void i();         // May be overridden at run time by derived class
  virtual void g()=0; };    // Must be overridden (pure virtual)
class U: public T {         // Derived class U inherits all members of base T
  public:
  void g(int) override; };  // Override method g
class V: private T {};      // Inherited members of T become private
class W: public T, public U {};
                            // Multiple inheritance
class X: public virtual T {};
                            // Classes derived from X have base T directly

All classes have a default copy constructor, assignment operator, and destructor, which perform the corresponding operations on each data member and each base class as shown above. There is also a default no-argument constructor (required to create arrays) if the class has no constructors. Constructors, assignment, and destructors do not inherit.

Templates

template <class T> T f(T t);// Overload f for all types
template <class T> class X {// Class with type parameter T
  X(T t); };                // A constructor
template <class T> X<T>::X(T t) {}
                            // Definition of constructor
X<int> x(3);                // An object of type "X of int"
template <class T, class U=T, int n=0>
                            // Template with default parameters

Namespaces

namespace N {class T {};}   // Hide name T
N::T t;                     // Use name T in namespace N
using namespace N;          // Make T visible without N::

memory (dynamic memory management)

#include <memory>           // Include memory (std namespace)
shared_ptr<int> x;          // Empty shared_ptr to a integer on heap. Uses reference counting for cleaning up objects.
x = make_shared<int>(12);   // Allocate value 12 on heap
shared_ptr<int> y = x;      // Copy shared_ptr, implicit changes reference count to 2.
cout << *y;                 // Dereference y to print '12'
if (y.get() == x.get()) {   // Raw pointers (here x == y)
    cout << "Same";  
}  
y.reset();                  // Eliminate one owner of object
if (y.get() != x.get()) { 
    cout << "Different";  
}  
if (y == nullptr) {         // Can compare against nullptr (here returns true)
    cout << "Empty";  
}  
y = make_shared<int>(15);   // Assign new value
cout << *y;                 // Dereference x to print '15'
cout << *x;                 // Dereference x to print '12'
weak_ptr<int> w;            // Create empty weak pointer
w = y;                      // w has weak reference to y.
if (shared_ptr<int> s = w.lock()) { // Has to be copied into a shared_ptr before usage
    cout << *s;
}
unique_ptr<int> z;          // Create empty unique pointers
unique_ptr<int> q;
z = make_unique<int>(16);   // Allocate int (16) on heap. Only one reference allowed.
q = move(z);                // Move reference from z to q.
if (z == nullptr){
    cout << "Z null";
}
cout << *q;
shared_ptr<B> r;
r = dynamic_pointer_cast<B>(t); // Converts t to a shared_ptr<B>

math.h, cmath (floating point math)

#include <cmath>            // Include cmath (std namespace)
sin(x); cos(x); tan(x);     // Trig functions, x (double) is in radians
asin(x); acos(x); atan(x);  // Inverses
atan2(y, x);                // atan(y/x)
sinh(x); cosh(x); tanh(x);  // Hyperbolic sin, cos, tan functions
exp(x); log(x); log10(x);   // e to the x, log base e, log base 10
pow(x, y); sqrt(x);         // x to the y, square root
ceil(x); floor(x);          // Round up or down (as a double)
fabs(x); fmod(x, y);        // Absolute value, x mod y

assert.h, cassert (Debugging Aid)


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